Bilderberg 2011:
The Rockefeller World Order
and the "High Priests of Globalization"
By Andrew Gavin Marshall
URL of this article: www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=25302
Global Research, June 16, 2011
To say we were striving for a one-world government is exaggerated, but not wholly unfair. Those of us in Bilderberg felt we couldn't go on forever fighting one another for nothing and killing people and rendering millions homeless. So we felt that a single community throughout the world would be a good thing.[1]
- Denis Healey, 30-year member of the Steering Committee of the Bilderberg Group
The ‘Foundations’ of the Bilderberg Group
The Bilderberg Group, formed in 1954, was founded in the Netherlands as a secretive meeting held once a year, drawing roughly 130 of the political-financial-military-academic-media elites from North America and Western Europe as “an informal network of influential people who could consult each other privately and confidentially.”[2] Regular participants include the CEOs or Chairman of some of the largest corporations in the world, oil companies such as Royal Dutch Shell, British Petroleum, and Total SA, as well as various European monarchs, international bankers such as David Rockefeller, major politicians, presidents, prime ministers, and central bankers of the world.[3] The Bilderberg Group acts as a “secretive global think-tank,” with an original intent to “to link governments and economies in Europe and North America amid the Cold War.”[4]
The Bilderberg Group, formed in 1954, was founded in the Netherlands as a secretive meeting held once a year, drawing roughly 130 of the political-financial-military-academic-media elites from North America and Western Europe as “an informal network of influential people who could consult each other privately and confidentially.”[2] Regular participants include the CEOs or Chairman of some of the largest corporations in the world, oil companies such as Royal Dutch Shell, British Petroleum, and Total SA, as well as various European monarchs, international bankers such as David Rockefeller, major politicians, presidents, prime ministers, and central bankers of the world.[3] The Bilderberg Group acts as a “secretive global think-tank,” with an original intent to “to link governments and economies in Europe and North America amid the Cold War.”[4]
In
the early 1950s, top European elites worked with selected American
elites to form the Bilderberg Group in an effort to bring together the
most influential people from both sides of the Atlantic to advance the
cause of ‘Atlanticism’ and ‘globalism.’ The list of attendees were the
usual suspects: top politicians, international businessmen, bankers,
leaders of think tanks and foundations, top academics and university
leaders, diplomats, media moguls, military officials, and Bilderberg
also included several heads of state, monarchs, as well as senior
intelligence officials, including top officials of the CIA, which was
the main financier for the first meeting in 1954.[5]
The
European founders of the Bilderberg Group included Joseph Retinger and
Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands. Prince Bernhard had, incidentally,
been a member of the Nazi Party until 1934, three years prior to his
marrying the Dutch Queen Juliana, and had also worked for the German
industrial giant, I.G. Farben, the maker of Zyklon B, the gas used in
concentration camps.[6] On the American side, those who were most
prominent in the formation of the Bilderberg Group were David
Rockefeller, Dean Rusk (a top official with the Council on Foreign
Relations who was then the head of the Rockefeller Foundation), Joseph
Johnson (another Council leader who was head of the Carnegie Endowment),
and John J. McCloy (a top Council leader who became Chairman of Chase
Manhattan Bank in 1953 and was also Chairman of the Board of the Ford
Foundation).[7]
The
fact that the major American foundations – Rockefeller, Carnegie, and
Ford – were so pivotal in the origins of the Bilderberg Group is not a
mere coincidence. The foundations have, since their founding at the
beginning of the 20th century, been the central institutions in
constructing consensus among elites, and creating consent to power. They
are, in short, the engines of social engineering: both for elite
circles specifically, and society as a whole, more generally. As
Professor of Education Robert F. Arnove wrote in his book Philanthropy
and Cultural Imperialism:
Foundations
like Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Ford have a corrosive influence on a
democratic society; they represent relatively unregulated and
unaccountable concentrations of power and wealth which buy talent,
promote causes, and, in effect, establish an agenda of what merits
society’s attention. They serve as “cooling-out” agencies, delaying and
preventing more radical, structural change. They help maintain an
economic and political order, international in scope, which benefits the
ruling-class interests of philanthropists and philanthropoids – a
system which... has worked against the interests of minorities, the
working class, and Third World peoples.[8]
These
foundations had been central in promoting the ideology of ‘globalism’
that laid the groundwork for organizations such as the Council on
Foreign Relations and the Bilderberg Group to exist. The Rockefeller
Foundation, in particular, supported several organizations that promoted
a ‘liberal internationalist’ philosophy, the aim of which:
was
to support a foreign policy within a new world order that was to
feature the United States as the leading power – a programme defined by
the Rockefeller Foundation as ‘disinterested’, ‘objective’ and even
‘non-political’... The construction of a new internationalist consensus
required the conscious, targeted funding of individuals and
organizations who questioned and undermined the supporters of the ‘old
order’ while simultaneously promoting the ‘new’.[9]
The
major foundations funded and created not only policy-oriented
institutes such as think tanks, but they were also pivotal in the
organization and construction of universities and education itself, in
particular, the study of ‘international relations.’[10] The influence of
foundations over education and universities and thus, ‘knowledge’
itself, is unparalleled. As noted in the book, Philanthropy and Cultural
Imperialism:
The
power of the foundation is not that of dictating what will be studied.
Its power consists in defining professional and intellectual parameters,
in determining who will receive support to study what subjects in what
settings. And the foundation’s power resides in suggesting certain types
of activities it favors and is willing to support. As [political
theorist and economist Harold] Laski noted, “the foundations do not
control, simply because, in the direct and simple sense of the word,
there is no need for them to do so. They have only to indicate the
immediate direction of their minds for the whole university world to
discover that it always meant to gravitate to that angle of the
intellectual compass.”[11]
The
major philanthropic foundations created by America’s ‘robber baron’
industrialists and bankers were established not to benefit mankind, as
was their stated purpose, but to benefit the bankers and industrialist
elites in order to engage in social engineering. Through banks, these
powerful families controlled the global economy; through think tanks,
they manage the political and foreign policy establishments; and through
foundations, they engineer society itself according to their own
designs and interests. Through these foundations, elites have come to
shape the processes, ideas and institutions of education, thus ensuring
their continued hegemony over society through the production and control
of knowledge. The educational institutions train future elites for
government, economics, sciences, and other professional environments, as
well as producing the academics that make up the principle component of
think tanks, such as the Bilderberg Group.
Foundations
effectively “blur boundaries” between the public and private sectors,
while simultaneously effecting the separation of such areas in the study
of social sciences. This boundary erosion between public and private
spheres “adds feudal elements to our purported democracy, yet it has not
been resisted, protested, or even noted much by political elites or
social scientists.”[12] Zbigniew Brzezinski, foreign policy strategist,
former director of the Council on Foreign Relations, Bilderberg member
and co-founder with David Rockefeller of the Trilateral Commission,
wrote that the blurring of boundaries “serves United States world
dominance”:
As
the imitation of American ways gradually pervades the world, it creates
a more congenial setting for the exercise of the indirect and seemingly
consensual American hegemony. And as in the case of the domestic
American system, that hegemony involves a complex structure of
interlocking institutions and procedures, designed to generate consensus
and obscure asymmetries in power and influence.[13]
In
1915, a Congressional investigation into the power of philanthropic
foundations took place, named the Walsh Commission, which warned that,
“the power of wealth could overwhelm democratic culture and
politics.”[14] The Final Report of the Walsh Commission “suggested that
foundations would be more likely to pursue their own ideology in society
than social objectivity.”[15] In this context, we can come to
understand the evolution of the Bilderberg Group as an international
think tank aimed at constructing consensus and entrenching ideology
among the elite.
At
their first meeting, Bilderbergers covered the following broad areas,
which remained focal points of discussion for successive meetings:
Communism and the Soviet Union; Dependent areas and peoples overseas;
Economic policies and problems; and European integration and the
European Defense Community.[16]
Nearly
every single American participant in the Bilderberg meetings was also a
member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Among the notable American
members of the Bilderberg Group in its early years were David
Rockefeller, Dean Rusk, John J. McCloy, George McGhee, George Ball, Walt
Whitman Rostow, McGeorge Bundy, Arthur Dean, and Paul Nitze. As
Political Scientist Stephen Gill wrote, “Prominent in the American
section were the network of Rockefeller interests.”[17]
Certainly,
while Rothschild interests have remained in the Bilderberg Group, as
evidenced by Edmond de Rothschild having been a member of the Steering
Committee, and Franco Bernabe, Vice Chairman of Rothschild Europe being a
current Steering Committee member,[18] the Rockefeller interests seem
to be most dominant. Not only is David Rockefeller sitting as the single
individual of the Member Advisory Group of the Steering Committee, but
close Rockefeller confidantes have long served on the Steering Committee
and been affiliated with the organization, such as: Sharon Percy
Rockefeller; George Ball, a long-time leader in the Council on Foreign
Relations, who was Undersecretary of State for Economic Affairs in the
Kennedy and Johnson administrations; Henry Kissinger, long-time
Rockefeller aide and American imperial strategist; Zbigniew Brzezinski,
who co-founded the Trilateral Commission with David Rockefeller; Joseph
E. Johnson, former U.S. State Department official and President of the
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace; John J. McCloy, former
Chairman the Council on Foreign Relations (superceded by David
Rockefeller), former Assistant Secretary of War, Chairman of Chase
Manhattan Bank (where he was superceded by David Rockefeller), former
Trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation, Chairman of the Ford Foundation,
and President of the World Bank; and James Wolfensohn, former President
of the World Bank and Trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation.
One
current Steering Committee member, who is representative of not only a
continuation of Rockefeller interests, but also of the continuing
influence and role of the major foundations is Jessica T. Matthews. She
is President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, who had
served on the National Security Council under Zbigniew Brzezinski, was a
senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations (at which David
Rockefeller remains as Honorary Chairman), is a member of the Trilateral
Commission, is a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation, and has served
on the boards of the Brookings Institution, the Rockefeller Brothers
Fund and the Joyce Foundation.
Bilderberg and the European Union
Joseph
Retinger, one of the founders of the Bilderberg Group, was also one of
the original architects of the European Common Market and a leading
intellectual champion of European integration. In 1946, he told the
Royal Institute of International Affairs (the British counterpart and
sister organization of the Council on Foreign Relations), that Europe
needed to create a federal union and for European countries to
“relinquish part of their sovereignty.” Retinger was a founder of the
European Movement (EM), a lobbying organization dedicated to creating a
federal Europe. Retinger secured financial support for the European
Movement from powerful US financial interests such as the Council on
Foreign Relations and the Rockefellers.[19] Important to note is that
following World War II, the CFR’s main finances came from the Carnegie
Corporation, Ford Foundation and most especially, the Rockefeller
Foundation.[20]
Apart
from Retinger, the founder of the Bilderberg Group and the European
Movement, another ideological founder of European integration was Jean
Monnet, who founded the Action Committee for a United States of Europe
(ACUE), an organization dedicated to promoting European integration, and
he was also the major promoter and first president of the European Coal
and Steel Community (ECSC), the precursor to the European Common
Market.[21]
Declassified
documents (released in 2001) showed that “the US intelligence community
ran a campaign in the Fifties and Sixties to build momentum for a
united Europe. It funded and directed the European federalist
movement.”[22] The documents revealed that, “America was working
aggressively behind the scenes to push Britain into a European state.
One memorandum, dated July 26, 1950, gives instructions for a campaign
to promote a fully-fledged European parliament. It is signed by Gen
William J Donovan, head of the American wartime Office of Strategic
Services, precursor of the CIA.” Further, “Washington's main tool for
shaping the European agenda was the American Committee for a United
Europe, created in 1948. The chairman was Donovan, ostensibly a private
lawyer by then,” and “the vice-chairman was Allen Dulles, the CIA
director in the Fifties. The board included Walter Bedell Smith, the
CIA's first director, and a roster of ex-OSS figures and officials who
moved in and out of the CIA. The documents show that ACUE financed the
European Movement, the most important federalist organisation in the
post-war years.” Interestingly, “the leaders of the European Movement -
Retinger, the visionary Robert Schuman and the former Belgian prime
minister Paul-Henri Spaak - were all treated as hired hands by their
American sponsors. The US role was handled as a covert operation. ACUE's
funding came from the Ford and Rockefeller foundations as well as
business groups with close ties to the US government.”[23]
The
European Coal and Steel Community was formed in 1951, and signed by
France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
Newly released documents from the 1955 Bilderberg meeting show that a
main topic of discussion was “European Unity,” and that “the discussion
affirmed complete support for the idea of integration and unification
from the representatives of all the six nations of the Coal and Steel
Community present at the conference.” Further, “A European speaker
expressed concern about the need to achieve a common currency, and
indicated that in his view this necessarily implied the creation of a
central political authority.” Interestingly, “a United States
participant confirmed that the United States had not weakened in its
enthusiastic support for the idea of integration, although there was
considerable diffidence in America as to how this enthusiasm should be
manifested. Another United States participant urged his European friends
to go ahead with the unification of Europe with less emphasis upon
ideological considerations and, above all, to be practical and work
fast.”[24] Thus, at the 1955 Bilderberg Group meeting, they set as a
primary agenda, the creation of a European common market.[25]
In
1957, two years later, the Treaty of Rome was signed, which created the
European Economic Community (EEC), also known as the European
Community. Over the decades, various other treaties were signed, and
more countries joined the European Community. In 1992, the Maastricht
Treaty was signed, which created the European Union and led to the
creation of the Euro. The European Monetary Institute was created in
1994, the European Central Bank was founded in 1998, and the Euro was
launched in 1999. Etienne Davignon, Chairman of the Bilderberg Group and
former EU Commissioner, revealed in March of 2009 that the Euro was
debated and planned at Bilderberg conferences.[26]
The
European Constitution (renamed the Lisbon Treaty) was a move towards
creating a European superstate, creating an EU foreign minister, and
with it, coordinated foreign policy, with the EU taking over the seat of
Britain on the UN Security Council, representing all EU member states,
forcing the nations to “actively and unreservedly” follow an EU foreign
policy; set out the framework to create an EU defence policy, as an
appendage to or separate from NATO; the creation of a European Justice
system, with the EU defining “minimum standards in defining offences and
setting sentences,” and creates common asylum and immigration policy;
and it would also hand over to the EU the power to “ensure co-ordination
of economic and employment policies”; and EU law would supercede all
law of the member states, thus making the member nations relative to
mere provinces within a centralized federal government system.[27]
The
Constitution was largely written up by Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, former
President of the French Republic from 1974 to 1981. Giscard d’Estaing
also happens to be a member of the Bidlerberg Group, the Trilateral
Commission, and is also a close friend of Henry Kissinger, having
co-authored papers with him.
The
Treaty, passed in 2009, created the position of President of the
European Council, who represents the EU on the world stage and leads the
Council, which determines the political direction of the EU. The first
President of the European Council is Herman Van Rompuy, former Prime
Minister of Belgium. On November 12, 2009, a small Bilderberg meeting
took place, hosted by Viscount Etienne Davignon (Chairman of the
Bilderberg Group), and including “international policymakers and
industrialists,” among them, Henry Kissinger. Herman Von Rompuy
“attended the Bilderberg session to audition for the European job,
calling for a new system of levies to fund the EU and replace the
perennial EU budget battles.”[28] Following his selection as President,
Van Rompuy gave a speech in which he stated, “We are going through
exceptionally difficult times: the financial crisis and its dramatic
impact on employment and budgets, the climate crisis which threatens our
very survival; a period of anxiety, uncertainty, and lack of
confidence. Yet, these problems can be overcome by a joint effort in and
between our countries. 2009 is also the first year of global governance
with the establishment of the G20 in the middle of the financial
crisis; the climate conference in Copenhagen is another step towards the
global management of our planet.”[29]
As
indicated from leaks of the recent 2011 Bilderberg meeting in
Switzerland, the euro-zone is in a major crisis, and Bilderberg members
are struggling to keep the house of glass from shattering to pieces. One
major subject discussed at this year’s meeting, according to Bilderberg
investigative journalist, Daniel Estulin (who reportedly has inside
sources in the meetings who leak information, which has proved quite
accurate in the past), the Bilderberg meeting discussed the situation of
Greece, which is likely to only get worse, with another bailout on the
horizon, continuing social unrest, and a possible abandonment of the
euro. The problems of Greece, Ireland and the wider global economy as a
whole were featured in this year’s discussions.[30] Representatives from
Greece this year included George Papaconstantinou, the Greek Minister
of Finance, among several bankers and businessmen.[31]
Among
the EU power players attending this years meeting was the first
President of the European Council, Herman van Rompuy, who was appointed
as President following an invitation to a private Bilderberg meeting in
November of 2009, at which he gave a speech advocating for EU-wide
taxes, allowing the EU to not rely exclusively upon its member nations,
but have its “own resources.”[32] Van Rompuy, who previously stated
that, “2009 is also the first year of global governance,” is no surprise
guest at Bilderberg. Other key EU officials who attended this year’s
meeting were Joaquín Almunia, a Vice President of the European
Commission; Frans van Daele, Chief of Staff to European Council
President Van Rompuy; Neelie Kroes, a Vice President of the European
Commission; and of course, Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the
European Central Bank.[33]
As
with each meeting, there is the official list of participants, and then
there are those participants who attend, but whose names are not listed
in any official release. At this year’s meeting, some reports indicate
that attendees whose names were not listed included NATO
Secretary-General Anders Rasmussen, which is not surprising considering
that the NATO Secretary-General has generally been present at every
meeting; Jose Luis Zapatero, Spanish Prime Minister; Angela Merkel,
German Chancellor; Bill Gates, Co-Chairman of Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation and former Microsoft CEO; and Robert Gates, the outgoing U.S.
Secretary of Defense.[34] The Guardian also reported that these
“unofficial guests” were spotted at the conference or had their
attendance ‘leaked’.[35] Angela Merkel has reportedly attended meetings
in the past, which would make her current attendance less than
surprising.[36]
At
the recent meeting, EU officials were discussing the need for the EU to
undertake a “massive power grab” in the face of the massive economic
crisis facing Europe and indeed the world. Without such a power grab,
the euro and indeed the Union itself would likely collapse; a scenario
anathema to everything the Bilderberg group has tried to achieve in its
57-year history. The aim, put simply, would be to have the EU police
itself and the nations of the Union, with the ability to punish nations
for not following the rules, and as one Bilderberger reportedly stated
at the meeting, “What we are heading towards a form of real economic
government.”[37] Now while this statement cannot be independently
verified, there is much documentation within the public record that
several of the European attendees at the meeting could have easily made
such a statement.
Prior
to the meeting, European Central Bank President, Jean-Claude Trichet,
“said governments should consider setting up a finance ministry for the
17-nation currency region as the bloc struggles to contain a region-wide
sovereign debt crisis.” Trichet asked: “Would it be too bold, in the
economic field, with a single market, a single currency and a single
central bank, to envisage a ministry of finance of the union?” Further
in line with this thought, and with the ideas laid out in the Bilderberg
meeting in favour of a ‘power grab’, Trichet said he supports “giving
the European Union powers to veto the budget measures of countries that
go ‘harmfully astray,’ though that would require a change to EU
Treaties.” Such a finance ministry would, according to Trichet, “exert
direct responsibilities in at least three domains”:
They
would include "first, the surveillance of both fiscal policies and
competitiveness policies" and "direct responsibilities" for countries in
fiscal distress, he said. It would also carry out "all the typical
responsibilities of the executive branches as regards the union's
integrated financial sector, so as to accompany the full integration of
financial services, and third, the representation of the union
confederation in international financial institutions."[38]
Last year, Belgian Prime Minister Yves Leterme endorsed such an idea of a ‘European Economic Government’ when he stated:
The
idea of strengthened economic government has been put on the table and
will make progress. In the end, the European Debt Agency or something
like it will become a reality. I’m convinced of this. It’s about
Europe’s financial stability and it’s not an ideological debate about
federalism. I myself am a federalist. But more integration and deeper
integration are simply logical consequences of having a single
currency.[39]
This
is of course, not surprising, considering that Leterme’s predecessor is
Herman van Rompuy, the current Bilderberg participant and EU President,
a strong-headed advocate of an ‘economic government’ and ‘global
governance.’ The plans for an ‘economic government’ require the strong
commitment of both France and Germany, which may explain Merkel’s
reported appearance at Bilderberg. In March of 2010, the German and
French governments released a draft outline that would “strengthen
financial policy coordination in the EU.” The plan, seen by German
publication Der Spiegel, “calls for increased monitoring of individual
member states' competitiveness so that action can be taken early on
should problems emerge.” Luxembourg Prime Minister Jean-Claude Juncker
stated in response to the plan, “We need a European economic government
in the sense of strengthened coordination of economic policy within the
euro zone.”[40] In December of 2010, German Finance Minister Wolfgang
Schaeuble stated that, “In 10 years we will have a structure that
corresponds much stronger to what one describes as political union.”[41]
As
reported by the German press in early 2011, Germany and France were
split on several aspects of such an ‘economic government.’ However, as
Merkel stated, “We have obviously been discussing the issue of an
economic government for a long time,” and that, “What we are currently
envisioning goes yet another step in this direction.” Yet, the
differences between the two approaches are mainly as follows:
France
would prefer to see the European Council, which comprises the heads of
state and government of the EU's member states, turned into a kind of
economic government. Since only euro-zone member countries would be
involved initially, French Finance Minister [and past Bilderberg
participant] Christine Lagarde has dubbed the project "16 plus."
The
Germans are focused on completely different things. Their preference
would be to see the current rescue fund replaced by the so-called
European Stability Mechanism in 2013. According to this arrangement, in
return for any help, cash-strapped countries would have to subject
themselves to a strict cost-cutting regimen.[42]
Mario
Draghi is the current President of the Bank of Italy, as well as a
board member of the Bank for International Settlements – the BIS (the
central bank to the world’s central banks). In an interview posted on
the website of the BIS in March of 2010, Mario Draghi stated that in
response to the Greek crisis, “In the euro area we need a stronger
economic governance providing for more coordinated structural reforms
and more discipline.”[43] Mario Draghi also attended the 2009 conference
of the Bilderberg Group.[44] Perhaps unsurprisingly, Mario Draghi has
been backed by the euro-area finance ministers to be the successor to
Jean-Claude Trichet at the European Central Bank, who is due to step
down in October of 2011.[45]
Certainly,
the objective of a ‘European economic government’ will continue
throughout the coming years, especially as the economic crisis
continues. As Dominique Strauss-Kahn, outgoing Managing Director of the
IMF and long-time Bilderberg participant stated, “crisis is an
opportunity.”[46] Bilderberg, while not omnipotent by any means, will do
all in its ability to prevent the collapse of the euro or the ending of
the European Union. Bilderberg has, after all, from its very beginning,
made ‘European integration’ one of its central objectives. In an
official biography of Bilderberg-founder and long-time Chairman Prince
Bernhard, the Bilderberg Group was credited as “the birthplace of the
European Community.”[47]
Regime Change at the IMF?
Christine
Lagarde, the French Finance Minister who has been pivotal in the
process towards drafting and proposing a ‘European economic government’,
is also considered the front-runner for the job of Managing Director of
the IMF. The Managing Director of the IMF is always in attendance at
Bilderberg meetings, except for this year, considering outgoing director
Dominique Strauss-Kahn is facing sexual assault charges in New York;
yet, the top job is usually set aside for those who have been invited to
at least one meeting of the Bilderberg Group. While the race has yet to
finish, perhaps it is noteworthy that Christine Lagarde attended a
Bilderberg meeting in 2009.[48] Could this make her the supreme choice,
or is there a surprise in the near future?
A Place for China in the New World Order?
Investigative
journalist Daniel Estulin’s report of inside sources in this year’s
meeting indicated a rather extensive discussion on the role of China,
which is hardly surprising, considering this has been a central topic of
discussion in meetings for a number of years. China emerged in
discussions on Pakistan, as China has become increasingly Pakistan’s
closest economic and strategic ally, a trend that is continuing as
America continues to spread the Afghan war into neighbouring Pakistan.
China is also a major player in Africa, threatening the West’s
stranglehold over the continent, in particular through the World Bank
and IMF. Most importantly, however, and not unrelated to its role in
Pakistan and Africa, China has become the greatest economic competitor
for the United States in the world, and as the IMF even admitted
recently, its economy is expected to surpass that of the United States
by 2016. Bilderberg paid attention to this issue not simply as a
financial-economic consideration, but as a massive geopolitical
transition in the world: “the biggest story of our time.”[49]
What
made the discussion on China at this year’s meeting unique was that it
actually included two attendees from China for the first time ever. The
two guests were Huang Yiping, a prominent economics professor at Peking
University (China’s Harvard), and Fu Ying, China’s Vice Minister of
Foreign Affairs.[50] This is especially unusual and telling of the
importance of the discussion at hand, considering that Bilderberg is
exclusively a European and North American (Atlantic) organization, and
in the past, when Bilderberg memebers David Rockefeller and Zbigniew
Brzezinski suggested Japan be allowed to join in 1972, the European
rejected the proposition, and instead the Trilateral Commission was
formed in 1973 to integrate the elites of Western Europe, North America,
and Japan. The Trilateral Commission eventually expanded the Japanese
section of the group into a ‘Pacific Asian Group’ in 2000 to include not
only Japan, but South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia,
Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
In
2009 the G20 was endowed with the task of ‘managing’ the global
economic crisis – to include the ‘emerging’ economic giants, notably
China and India – and as Bilderberg member Jean-Claude Trichet stated,
this marked “the emergence of the G20 as the prime group for global
economic governance.”[51] That same year the newly-appointed European
Union President Herman van Rompuy declared to be “the first year of
global governance.” No surprise then, that also in 2009, China and India
were invited as official members of the Trilateral Commission.[52] This
indicates a growing role for India and especially China in global
affairs, and participation in Bilderberg meetings emphasizes the aim to
not alienate China from the established institutions, ideologies and
systems of global power, but to more fully integrate China within that
system. The aim of the global elite, perhaps best represented by
Bilderberg, is not to allow for the collapse of the American empire and
the rise of a new one; rather, it is to manage the collapse of American
hegemony into an entirely new system of global governance. This ‘big
idea’ is not possible without the participation of China, and thus, as
Bilderberg has long been saturated with the ideology of ‘global
governance,’ it cannot be seen as too surprising to see China invited.
Perhaps the surprise should be that it simply took this long.
Is Bilderberg Building a Global Government?
Jon
Ronson wrote an article for the Guardian paper in which he managed to
interview key members of the Bilderberg Group for an exposé on the
organization, attempting to dismantle the “conspiracy theories”
surrounding the secrecy of the meetings. However, through his
interviews, important information regarding the social importance of the
group continued to emerge. Ronson attempted to contact David
Rockefeller, but only managed to reach his press secretary who told
Ronson that the “conspiracy theories” about Rockefeller and “global
think-tanks such as Bilderberg in general” left David Rockefeller
“thoroughly fed up.” According to his press secretary, “Mr.
Rockefeller's conclusion was that this was a battle between rational and
irrational thought. Rational people favoured globalisation. Irrational
people preferred nationalism.”[53]
While
dismissing “conspiracy theories” that Bilderberg “runs the world,”
Ronson did explain that the Bilderberg members he interviewed admitted,
“that international affairs had, from time to time, been influenced by
these sessions.” As Denis Healey, a 30-year member of the Steering
Committee, himself pointedly explained:
To
say we were striving for a one-world government is exaggerated, but not
wholly unfair. Those of us in Bilderberg felt we couldn't go on forever
fighting one another for nothing and killing people and rendering
millions homeless. So we felt that a single community throughout the
world would be a good thing... Bilderberg is a way of bringing together
politicians, industrialists, financiers and journalists. Politics should
involve people who aren't politicians. We make a point of getting along
younger politicians who are obviously rising, to bring them together
with financiers and industrialists who offer them wise words. It
increases the chance of having a sensible global policy.[54]
Will
Hutton, the former Editor of the Observer, who had been invited to
Bilderberg meetings in the past, once famously referred to the group as
“the high priests of globalization.”[55] Hutton has said that “people
take part in these networks in order to influence the way the world
works,” and to create, as he put it, “the international common sense” of
policy. The Chairman of the Bilderberg Group, Viscount Etienne
Davignon, stated that, “I don't think (we are) a global ruling class
because I don't think a global ruling class exists. I simply think it's
people who have influence interested to speak to other people who have
influence.”[56]
G.
William Domhoff is a professor of Psychology and Sociology at the
University of California, Santa Cruz, and has written about the
Bilderberg Group. In an interview, he discounted the notion that the
study of such groups is relegated to the realm of conspiracy theory, and
instead explained that he studies “how elites strive to develop
consensus, which is through such publicly observable organizations as
corporate boards and the policy-planning network, which can be studied
in detail, and which are reported on in the media in at least a halfway
accurate manner.”[57]
Bilderbergers
have long been advocates of global governance and ‘global government,’
and ‘crisis’ is always an excellent means through which to advance their
agendas. Just as the Greek crisis has stepped up calls for the
formation of a ‘European economic government,’ an idea which has been
sought out for much longer than Greece has been in crisis, so too is the
global economic crisis an excuse to advance the cause of ‘global
economic governance.’ Outgoing Managing Director of the IMF, Dominique
Strauss-Kahn, stated in May of 2010 that, “crisis is an opportunity,”
and he called for “a new global currency issued by a global central
bank, with robust governance and institutional features,” and that the
“global central bank could also serve as a lender of last resort.”
However, he stated, “I fear we are still very far from that level of
global collaboration.”[58] Unless, of course, the world continues to
descend into economic and financial ruin, as any astute economic
observer would likely warn is taking place.
Following
the April 2009 G20 summit, “plans were announced for implementing the
creation of a new global currency to replace the US dollar’s role as the
world reserve currency.” Point 19 of the communiqué released by the G20
at the end of the Summit stated, “We have agreed to support a general
SDR allocation which will inject $250bn (£170bn) into the world economy
and increase global liquidity.” SDRs, or Special Drawing Rights, are “a
synthetic paper currency issued by the International Monetary Fund.” As
the Telegraph reported, “the G20 leaders have activated the IMF's power
to create money and begin global ‘quantitative easing’. In doing so,
they are putting a de facto world currency into play. It is outside the
control of any sovereign body.”[59] The Washington Post reported that
the IMF is poised to transform “into a veritable United Nations for the
global economy”:
It
would have vastly expanded authority to act as a global banker to
governments rich and poor. And with more flexibility to effectively
print its own money, it would have the ability to inject liquidity into
global markets in a way once limited to major central banks, including
the U.S. Federal Reserve... the IMF is all but certain to take a central
role in managing the world economy. As a result, Washington is poised
to become the power center for global financial policy, much as the
United Nations has long made New York the world center for
diplomacy.[60]
While
the IMF is pushed to the forefront of the global currency agenda, the
Bank for International Settlements (BIS) remains as the true authority
in terms of ‘global governance’ overall. As the IMF’s magazine, Finance
and Development, stated in 2009, “the Bank for International Settlements
(BIS), established in 1930, is the central and the oldest focal point
for coordination of global governance arrangements.”[61] Jean-Claude
Trichet, President of the European Central Bank (ECB) and long-time
Bilderberg participant, gave a speech at the Council on Foreign
Relations in April of 2010 in which he explained that, “the significant
transformation of global governance that we are engineering today is
illustrated by three examples”:
First,
the emergence of the G20 as the prime group for global economic
governance at the level of ministers, governors and heads of state or
government. Second, the establishment of the Global Economy Meeting of
central bank governors under the auspices of the BIS as the prime group
for the governance of central bank cooperation. And third, the extension
of Financial Stability Board membership to include all the systemic
emerging market economies.[62]
In
concluding his speech, Trichet emphasized that, “global governance is
of the essence to improve decisively the resilience of the global
financial system.”[63] The following month, Trichet spoke at the Bank of
Korea, where he said, “central bank cooperation is part of a more
general trend that is reshaping global governance, and which has been
spurred by the global financial crisis,” and that, “it is therefore not
surprising that the crisis has led to even better recognition of their
increased economic importance and need for full integration into global
governance.” Once again, Trichet identified the BIS and its “various
fora” – such as the Global Economy Meeting and the Financial Stability
Board – as the “main channel” for central bank cooperation.[64]
For more on ‘Global Government’ and the global economic crisis, see: Andrew Gavin Marshall, “Crisis is an Opportunity”: Engineering a Global Depression to Create a Global Government, Global Research, 26 October 2010.
Rockefeller’s Dream
David
Rockefeller celebrated his 96th birthday during last weekend’s
Bilderberg meeting, and is one of if not the only remaining original
founders of the group in 1954. If the Bilderberg Group represents the
“high priests of globalization,” then David Rockefeller is the ‘Pope’.
James
Wolfensohn represents the importance of the Rockefellers to not only
America, but to the whole process of globalization. James D. Wolfensohn,
an Australian national, was President of the World Bank from 1995-2005,
and has since founded and leads his private firm, Wolfensohn &
Company, LLC. He has also been a long-time Steering Committee member of
the Bilderberg Group, and has served as an Honorary Trustee of the
Brookings Institution, a major American think tank, as well as a Trustee
of the Rockefeller Foundation, and is a member of the Council on
Foreign Relations. Wolfensohn’s father, Hyman, was employed by James
Armand de Rothschild of the Rothschild banking dynasty, after whom James
was named. His father taught him how to “cultivate mentors, friends and
contacts of influence.”[65] Wolfensohn rose quickly through the
financial world, and as his father had lived in service to the
Rothschild’s – the dominant family of the 19th century – James
Wolfensohn lived in service to the Rockefellers, arguably the dominant
family of the 20th century. On the event of David Rockefeller’s 90th
birthday, James Wolfensohn, speaking at the Council on Foreign
Relations, stated:
[T]he
person who had perhaps the greatest influence on my life professionally
in this country, and I’m very happy to say personally there afterwards,
is David Rockefeller, who first met me at the Harvard Business School
in 1957 or ‘58... [At the beginning of the 20th century] as we looked at
the world, a family, the Rockefeller family, decided that the issues
were not just national for the United States, were not just related to
the rich countries. And where, extraordinarily and amazingly, David’s
grandfather set up the Rockefeller Foundation, the purpose of which was
to take a global view.
...
So the Rockefeller family, in this last 100 years, has contributed in a
way that is quite extraordinary to the development in that period and
has given ample focus to the issues of development with which I have
been associated. In fact, it’s fair to say that there has been no other
single family influence greater than the Rockefeller’s in the whole
issue of globalization and in the whole issue of addressing the
questions which, in some ways, are still before us today. And for that
David, we’re deeply grateful to you and for your own contribution in
carrying these forward in the way that you did.[66]
David
Rockefeller has been even less humble (but perhaps more honest) in his
assertion of his family’s and his own personal role in shaping the
world. In his 2002 book, Memoirs, David Rockefeller wrote:
For
more than a century ideological extremists at either end of the
political spectrum have seized upon well-publicized incidents such as my
encounter with Castro to attack the Rockefeller family for the
inordinate influence they claim we wield over American political and
economic institutions. Some even believe we are part of a secret cabal
working against the best interests of the United States, characterizing
my family and me as 'internationalists' and of conspiring with others
around the world to build a more integrated global political and
economic structure--one world, if you will. If that's the charge, I
stand guilty, and I am proud of it.[67]
As if this admission was not quite enough, at a 1991 meeting of the Bilderberg group, David Rockefeller was quoted as saying:
We
are grateful to the Washington Post, The New York Times, Time Magazine
and other great publications whose directors have attended our meetings
and respected their promises of discretion for almost 40 years. It would
have been impossible for us to develop our plan for the world if we had
been subjected to the lights of publicity during those years. But the
world is more sophisticated and prepared to march towards a world
government. The supranational sovereignty of an intellectual elite and
world bankers is surely preferable to the national auto-determination
practiced in past centuries.[68]
So,
happy 96th birthday, Mr. David Rockefeller! But I am sorry to say (or
perhaps not so sorry) that while the mainstream media have “respected
their promises of discretion,” the new media – the alternative media –
have not. As you said yourself, “It would have been impossible for us to
develop our plan for the world if we had been subjected to the lights
of publicity during those years,” it seems that the “lights of
publicity” are now descending upon your “plan for the world,” making it
all the more difficult to come to pass. Indeed, “the world is more
sophisticated,” but not because the world is ‘ready’ for your plan, but
because the world is getting ready to reject it. While national
sovereignty certainly has problems and is hardly something I would
consider ‘ideal’, the “supranational sovereignty of an intellectual
elite and world bankers” is about the worst scenario one could imagine.
So as a birthday present to you, Mr. Rockefeller, I promise (and I am
sure that I am speaking for a great many more than simply myself) that I
will continue to expose your “plans for the world,” so that your dream –
and our nightmare – will never become a reality. The light will shine,
and in due time, the people will be ready to follow its path.
Andrew Gavin Marshall is a Research Associate with the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG). He is co-editor, with Michel Chossudovsky, of the recent book, "The Global Economic Crisis: The Great Depression of the XXI Century," available to order at Globalresearch.ca. He is currently working on a forthcoming book on 'Global Government'.
Andrew Gavin Marshall is a Research Associate with the Centre for Research on Globalization (CRG). He is co-editor, with Michel Chossudovsky, of the recent book, "The Global Economic Crisis: The Great Depression of the XXI Century," available to order at Globalresearch.ca. He is currently working on a forthcoming book on 'Global Government'.
Notes
[1] Jon Ronson, Who pulls the strings? (part 3), The Guardian, 10 March 2001: http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/mar/10/extract1
[2] CBC, Informal forum or global conspiracy? CBC News Online: June 13, 2006: http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/bilderberg-group/
[3] Holly
Sklar, ed., Trilateralism: The Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning
for World Management. (South End Press: 1980), 161-171
[4] Glen McGregor, Secretive power brokers meeting coming to Ottawa? Ottawa Citizen: May 24, 2006: http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=ff614eb8-02cc-41a3-a42d-30642def1421&k=62840
[5] Stephen Gill, American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission (Cambridge University Press: New York, 1990), page 129.
[6] Bruno Waterfield, Dutch Prince Bernhard 'was member of Nazi party', The Telegraph, 5 March 2010: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/netherlands/7377402/Dutch-Prince-Bernhard-was-member-of-Nazi-party.html
[7] Joan
Roelofs, Foundations and Public Policy: The Mask of Pluralism (New
York: State University of New York Press, 2003), page 52.
[8] Robert
F. Arnove, ed., Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism: The Foundations
at Home and Abroad (Indiana University Press: Boston, 1980), page 1.
[9] Inderjeet
Parmar, “‘To Relate Knowledge and Action’: The Impact of the
Rockefeller Foundation on Foreign Policy Thinking During America’s Rise
to Globalism 1939-1945,” Minerva (Vol. 40, 2002), page 246.
[10] Ibid, page 247.
[11] Robert
F. Arnove, ed., Philanthropy and Cultural Imperialism: The Foundations
at Home and Abroad (Indiana University Press, 1980), page 319.
[12] Joan Roelofs, “Foundations and Collaboration,” Critical Sociology, Vol. 33, 2007, page 480
[13] Ibid, page 481.
[14] Ibid, page 483.
[15] Erkki Berndtson, “Review Essay: Power of Foundations and the American Ideology,” Critical Sociology, Vol. 33, 2007, page 580
[16] Joan
Roelofs, Foundations and Public Policy: The Mask of Pluralism (New
York: State University of New York Press, 2003), page 52.
[17] Stephen Gill, American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission (Cambridge University Press: New York, 1990), pages 131-132.
[18] Bilderberg Meetings, Former Steering Committee Members, BilderbergMeetings.org: http://bilderbergmeetings.org/former-steering-committee-members.html; Steering Committee: http://bilderbergmeetings.org/governance.html
[19] Holly
Sklar, ed., Trilateralism: The Trilateral Commission and Elite Planning
for World Management. (South End Press: 1980), 161-162
[20] CFR, The First Transformation. CFR History: http://www.cfr.org/about/history/cfr/first_transformation.html
[21] William F. Jasper, Rogues' gallery of EU founders. The New American: July 12, 2004: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JZS/is_14_20/ai_n25093084/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1
[22] Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, Euro-federalists financed by US spy chiefs. The Telegraph: June 19, 2001: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/1356047/Euro-federalists-financed-by-US-spy-chiefs.html
[23] Ibid.
[24] Bilderberg Group, GARMISCH-PARTENKIRCHEN CONFERENCE. The Bilderberg Group: September 23-25, 1955, page 7:
[25] Who are these Bilderbergers and what do they do? The Sunday Herald: May 30, 1999: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_19990530/ai_n13939252
[26] Andrew Rettman, 'Jury's out' on future of Europe, EU doyen says. EUobserver: March 16, 2009: http://euobserver.com/9/27778
[27] Daily Mail, EU Constitution - the main points. The Daily Mail: June 19, 2004: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-307249/EU-Constitution--main-points.html
[28] Ian Traynor, Who speaks for Europe? Criticism of 'shambolic' process to fill key jobs. The Guardian, 17 November 2009: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/nov/17/top-european-job-selection-process
[29] Herman Van Rompuy, Speech Upon Accepting the EU Presidency, BBC News, 22 November 2009: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pzm_R3YBgPg
[30] Daniel Estulin, Bilderberg Report 2011, DanielEstulin.com, 14 June 2011: http://www.danielestulin.com/2011/06/13/bilderberg-report-2011-informe-club-bilderberg-2011/
[31] Bilderberg Meetings, Bilderberg 2011: List of Participants, BilderbergMeetings.org, June 2011: http://bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html
[32] Bruno Waterfield, EU Presidency candidate Herman Van Rompuy calls for new taxes, The Telegraph, 16 November 2009:
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/6582837/EU-Presidency-candidate-Herman-Van-Rompuy-calls-for-new-taxes.html
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/6582837/EU-Presidency-candidate-Herman-Van-Rompuy-calls-for-new-taxes.html
[33] Bilderberg Meetings, Bilderberg 2011: List of Participants, BilderbergMeetings.org, June 2011:
http://bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html
http://bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html
[34] PrisonPlanet, Exclusive: Unnamed Bilderberg Attendees Revealed, Gates Violates Logan Act, Prison Planet, 11 June 2011:http://www.prisonplanet.com/exclusive-unnamed-bilderberg-attendees-revealed.html
[35] Charlie Skelton, Bilderberg 2011: The opposition steps up, The Guardian, 11 June 2011: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/blog/2011/jun/11/bilderberg-switzerland
[36] SwissInfo, World’s Powerful Bilderberg Group Meets In St Moritz, EurasiaReview, 9 June 2011: http://www.eurasiareview.com/worlds-powerful-bilderberg-group-meets-in-st-moritz-09062011/
[37] Daniel Estulin, Bilderberg Report 2011, DanielEstulin.com, 14 June 2011: http://www.danielestulin.com/2011/06/13/bilderberg-report-2011-informe-club-bilderberg-2011/
[38] Bloomberg,
European Central Bank President Jean-Claude Trichet calls for Euro
Finance Ministry, The Economic Times, 3 June 2011: http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-03/news/29617216_1_single-currency-jean-claude-trichet-budget
[39] Daniel Hannan, European economic government is inevitable, Telegraph Blogs, 17 March 2010: http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/danielhannan/100030219/european-economic-government-is-inevitable/
[40] Spiegel, Plans for European Economic Government Gain Steam, Der Spiegel, 1 March 2011: http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,680955,00.html
[41] ANDREW WILLIS, Germany predicts EU 'political union' in 10 years, EU Observer, 13 December 2010: http://euobserver.com/9/31485
[42] Peter
Müller and Michael Sauga, France and Germany Split over Plans for
European Economic Government, Der Spiegel, 3 January 2011: http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,737423,00.html
[43] Mario
Draghi: “We need a European economic government” – interview in
Handelsblatt, The Bank for International Settlements, March 2010: http://www.bis.org/review/r100325b.pdf
[44] Bilderberg Meetings, Participants 2009, BilderbergMeetings.org, May 2009: http://bilderbergmeetings.org/participants.html
[45] Ecofin: Finance Ministers Back Mario Draghi To Lead ECB, The Wall Street Journal, 16 May 2011: http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110516-715655.html
[46] Dominique
Strauss-Kahn, Concluding Remarks by Dominique Strauss-Kahn, Managing
Director of the International Monetary Fund, at the High-Level
Conference on the International Monetary System, Zurich, 11 May 2010:
[47] Stephen Gill, American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission (Cambridge University Press: New York, 1990), pages 131-132.
[48] Bilderberg Meetings, Participants 2009, BilderbergMeetings.org, May 2009: http://bilderbergmeetings.org/participants.html
[49] Daniel Estulin, Bilderberg Report 2011, DanielEstulin.com, 14 June 2011: http://www.danielestulin.com/2011/06/13/bilderberg-report-2011-informe-club-bilderberg-2011/
[50] Bilderberg Meetings, Bilderberg 2011: List of Participants, BilderbergMeetings.org, June 2011: http://bilderbergmeetings.org/participants_2011.html
[51] Jean-Claude
Trichet, Global Governance Today, Keynote address by Mr Jean-Claude
Trichet, President of the European Central Bank, at the Council on
Foreign Relations, New York, 26 April 2010: http://www.bis.org/review/r100428b.pdf
[52] The Trilateral Commission, About the Pacific Asian Group, May 2011: http://www.trilateral.org/go.cfm?do=Page.View&pid=13
[53] Jon Ronson, Who pulls the strings? (part 2), The Guardian, 10 March 2001: http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/mar/10/extract
[54] Ibid.
[55] Mark Oliver, The Bilderberg group, The Guardian, 4 June 2004: http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2004/jun/04/netnotes.markoliver
[56] BBC, Inside the secretive Bilderberg Group, BBC News, 29 September 2005: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4290944.stm
[57] Chip Berlet, Interview: G. William Domhoff, New Internationalist, September 2004: http://www.publiceye.org/antisemitism/nw_domhoff.html
[58] Dominique
Strauss-Kahn, Concluding Remarks by Dominique Strauss-Kahn, Managing
Director of the International Monetary Fund, at the High-Level
Conference on the International Monetary System, Zurich, 11 May 2010:
[59] Ambrose Evans-Pritchard, The G20 moves the world a step closer to a global currency. The Telegraph: April 3, 2009:
[60] Anthony Faiola, A Bigger, Bolder Role Is Imagined For the IMF, The Washington Post, 20 April 2009: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/19/AR2009041902242.html?hpid=topnews
[61] Amar Bhattacharya, A Tangled Web, Finance and Development, March 2009, Vol. 46, No. 1: http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2009/03/bhattacharya.htm
[62] Jean-Claude
Trichet, Global Governance Today, Keynote address by Mr Jean-Claude
Trichet, President of the European Central Bank, at the Council on
Foreign Relations, New York, 26 April 2010: http://www.bis.org/review/r100428b.pdf
[63] Ibid.
[64] Jean-Claude
Trichet, Central bank cooperation after the global financial crisis,
Video address by Jean-Claude Trichet, President of the European Central
Bank, at the Bank of Korea International Conference 2010, Seoul, 31 May
2010:
[65] Michael Stutchbury, The man who inherited the Rothschild legend, The Australian, 30 October 2010: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/the-man-who-inherited-the-rothschild-legend/story-e6frg6z6-1225945329773
[66] James
D. Wolfensohn, Council on Foreign Relations Special Symposium in honor
of David Rockefeller’s 90th Birthday, The Council on Foreign Relations,
23 May 2005: http://www.cfr.org/world/council-foreign-relations-special-symposium-honor-david-rockefellers-90th-birthday/p8133
[67] David Rockefeller, Memoirs (Random House, New York: 2002), pages 404 - 405.
[68] Gordon
Laxer, “Radical Transformative Nationalisms Confront the US Empire,”
Current Sociology (Vol. 51, Issue 2: March 2003), page 141.
